Mandibular incisor anatomy
Mandibular incisor anatomy – Mandibular central and lateral anatomy
The mandibular incisor anatomy partially because the root is so small and there is a high percentage of teeth with more than one canal. This is not what many were taught in dental school.
Mandibular incisor anatomy basics
Mandibular incisors almost always have only 1 foramen which explains why even those never finding a second canal have success. However, the anatomy is complex and possibly half have 2 canals at some point.
Mandibular incisor anatomy research
Micro-CT 612 Brazilian teeth – Leoni 2014
- Accessory canal absent 60% and 74% central and lateral
- 1-2 in 38% and 26% central and lateral (all apical 1/3)
- 2% central had apical delta
- 84% and 90% 1 canal at 1mm central and lateral
- 12% and 8% 2 canal at 1mm central and lateral
- 4% and 2% 3 canals at 1mm central and lateral
- 92-94% centrals seem to have just one apical foramen
- 96% laterals seem to have just one apical foramen
Micro-CT 340 Brazilian teeth
- 75% 1
- 16% 1-2-1
- The rest account for 8% total
Shemesh has article in JOE from 2018 with CBCT of around 3000 incisors and found more than one canal in 40%.
Han 2014 JOE 3871 teeth CBCT China
non-CT dental research on mandibular incisor anatomy
Sectioning study 100 teeth Mauger 1998 2 canals 1mm from apex 2%
Kartal 1992 100 teeth dissection Very similar to Leoni results – Type 1 1 55% Type 2 2-1 16% Type 3 1-2-1 20% Type 4 2 4% Type 5 1-2 3% Type 6 2-3-1 1% Type 7 1-2-1-3 1%
- 92% have one apical foramen
Miyashita 1997 1085 teeth – Type 1 88% Type 2 9% Type 3 1% Type 4 2%
- 95% have one apical foramen
- other differences are likely just less stringent methods of categorization
Vertucci found that 70-75% have a single canal and 1 foramen in JADA 1974 and that only 2-3% have more than one foramen.
Green found that 79% have a single canal and 1 foramen in 1973.
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